[10], He was the youngest of six children. Alfred makes peace with the Danes and takes. [77][79], The foundation of Alfred's new military defence system was a network of burhs, distributed at tactical points throughout the kingdom. He won a decisive victory in the Battle of Edington in 878 and made an agreement with the Vikings, creating what was known as the Danelaw in the North of England. The failure to comply with this royal order was to be punished by loss of office. Those who escaped retreated to Shoebury. [38], In 876, under their three leaders Guthrum, Oscetel and Anwend, the Danes slipped past the Saxon army and attacked and occupied Wareham in Dorset. [104], About a fifth of the law code is taken up by Alfred's introduction which includes translations into English of the Ten Commandments, a few chapters from the Book of Exodus, and the Apostolic Letter from the Acts of the Apostles (15:23–29). ; By 870 Northumberland, East Anglia and Mercia has all fallen to the Vikings.Wessex was the only Anglo-Saxon kingdom to hold out against the Vikings. Problems with the calculation of Anglo-Saxon dates meant it was widely believed then that Alfred had died in 901, rather than 899, which is now recognised as the true date of his death, but at the time it seemed particularly apposite to many that the great Queen and her illustrious forebear had died a thousand years apart. From then until the arrival of the Great Heathen Army, Essex had formed part of Wessex. [143], The last of the Alfredian works is one which bears the name Blostman ('Blooms') or Anthology. (Odejea / CC BY-SA 3.0 ) Top image: Left - Alfred the Great, painting in the Bodleian Gallery. This date has been accepted by the editors of Asser's biography, Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge,[4] and by other historians such as David Dumville and Richard Huscroft. The invaders brought their wives and children with them indicating a meaningful attempt at conquest and colonisation. He was barely in his 20s when he took the throne and he hadn’t had a chance to stop for a breath for the decades that followed. A: Alfred died on 26 October 899. [80] There were thirty-three burhs, about 30 kilometres (19 miles) apart, enabling the military to confront attacks anywhere in the kingdom within a day. Alfred was 50 years old at the time of death. ; As a boy of four he accompanied his father Aethelwulf on a pilgrimage to Rome. [34], In 868, Alfred was recorded as fighting beside Æthelred in a failed attempt to keep the Great Heathen Army led by Ivar the Boneless out of the adjoining Kingdom of Mercia. Alfred personally collected details of this trip. In 825, his father, King Egbert, defeated King Beornwulf of Mercia, ending a long Mercian dominance over Anglo-Saxon England south of the Humber.Egbert sent Æthelwulf with an army to Kent, where he expelled the Mercian sub-king and was himself appointed sub-king. The impression is of a hodgepodge of miscellaneous laws. See more ideas about Alfred the great, Anglo saxon, Saxon history. By 830, Essex, Surrey and Sussex had submitted to Ecgberht, and he had appointed Æthelwulf to rule the south-eastern territories as king of Kent. This is unlikely; his succession could not have been foreseen at the time because Alfred had three living elder brothers. [181], A marble statue of Alfred the Great stands on the North side of the Cuyahoga County Courthouse in Cleveland, Ohio. [174] The epithet was retained by succeeding generations who admired Alfred's patriotism, success against barbarism, promotion of education, and establishment of the rule of law.[174]. Secular and spiritual authority were not distinct categories for Alfred. [170] Though Henry VI of England attempted unsuccessfully to have him canonized by Pope Eugene IV in 1441, he was venerated sometimes in the Catholic Church; however the current "Roman Martyrology" does not mention him. One ship escaped because Alfred's heavy ships became grounded when the tide went out. [77] The Old English name for the fine due for neglecting military service was fierdwite. [114], The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, commissioned at the time of Alfred, was probably written to promote unification of England,[115] whereas Asser's The Life of King Alfred promoted Alfred's achievements and personal qualities. Alfred, despite a reputation for a love of books and desire for learning, proved an able leader, fighting a series of battles with invading Danes and, when he finally defeated them once and (mostly) for all, forebore taking vengeance. Support great long-form writing about British History, Culture and Travel by subscribing to the Anglotopia Print Magazine.. On the year of his death in 899 Alfred the Great was known only as Alfred… [119] There they studied books in both English and Latin and "devoted themselves to writing, to such an extent ... they were seen to be devoted and intelligent students of the liberal arts". The hide was the basic unit of the system on which the tenant's public obligations were assessed. They took refuge on an island at Thorney, on the River Colne between Buckinghamshire and Middlesex, where they were blockaded and forced to give hostages and promise to leave Wessex. "It is clear", Brooks concludes, "that the metropolitan church [of Canterbury] must have been quite unable to provide any effective training in the scriptures or in Christian worship". [46] Under the terms of the so-called Treaty of Wedmore, the converted Guthrum was required to leave Wessex and return to East Anglia. Although not mentioned by Asser or by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Alfred probably paid the Vikings cash to leave, much as the Mercians were to do in the following year. [30] Victorian writers later interpreted this as an anticipatory coronation in preparation for his eventual succession to the throne of Wessex. [74][75][76], Tenants in Anglo-Saxon England had a threefold obligation based on their landholding: the so-called "common burdens" of military service, fortress work, and bridge repair. The purpose of this expedition is debated, but Asser claims that it was for the sake of plunder. Alfred blockaded them but was unable to take Wareham by assault. The Danes had beached half their ships and gone inland. [31] That Latin learning had not been obliterated is evidenced by the presence in his court of learned Mercian and West Saxon clerics such as Plegmund, Wæferth, and Wulfsige. This is unlikely because Bede tells us that they were all slaughtered by the Saxons under Cædwalla. Not a lot of people get to be identified forever as great. [31] On their return from Rome in 856, Æthelwulf was deposed by his son Æthelbald. The Danes realised that they were outmanoeuvred, struck off north-westwards and wintered at Cwatbridge near Bridgnorth. Alfred becomes a grandfather when Ecgwynn gives birth to, The King Alfred School and Specialist Sports Academy, Burnham Road, Highbridge, so named due to its rough proximity to Brent Knoll (a Beacon site) and Athelney, The King Alfred School in Barnet, North London, UK, King Alfred Swimming Pool & Leisure complex in Hove, Brighton UK, This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 17:05. [68] His interest in foreign countries is shown by the insertions which he made in his translation of Orosius. [90], The burhs were connected by a road system maintained for army use (known as herepaths). Æthelwulf goes on a pilgrimage with Alfred, after dividing his realm between his sons. Historians have expressed doubt both whether the genealogy for Ecgberht going back to Cerdic was fabricated to legitimise his seizure of the West Saxon throne. [178], A bronze statue of Alfred the Great stands at the eastern end of The Broadway, close to the site of Winchester's medieval East Gate. He had been king for over half of his life, and in those years he’d proven himself to be an energetic and inventive king. [111], Alfred devoted considerable attention and thought to judicial matters. historical Wessex), and Æthelwulf ruled in the east. How he died is unknown, but he suffered throughout his life with a painful and unpleasant illness. [135], One might add to this list the translation, in Alfred's law code, of excerpts from the Vulgate Book of Exodus. A number of educational establishments are named in Alfred's honour: The Royal Navy named one ship and two shore establishments HMS King Alfred, and one of the early ships of the U.S. Navy was named USS Alfred in his honour. By its terms, the boundary between Alfred's and Guthrum's kingdoms was to run up the River Thames to the River Lea, follow the Lea to its source (near Luton), from there extend in a straight line to Bedford, and from Bedford follow the River Ouse to Watling Street. (Also "close, personal friend of mine."). [67], Alfred had been on his way to relieve his son at Thorney when he heard that the Northumbrian and East Anglian Danes were besieging Exeter and an unnamed stronghold on the North Devon shore. Alfred also had translated Gregory the Great's Pastoral Theology and sent copies to every diocese in the kingdom. [98], Alfred had seapower in mind, if he could intercept raiding fleets before they landed, he could spare his kingdom from being ravaged. [29] In 853, Alfred is reported by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to have been sent to Rome where he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV, who "anointed him as king". [137] Interest in Alfred's translation of Pastoral Care was so enduring that copies were still being made in the 11th century. [58], Not long after the failed Danish raid in Kent, Alfred dispatched his fleet to East Anglia. It lists the hidage for each of the fortified towns contained in the document. Historically, he is known as Alfred the Great or Ælfred Micela. Alfred died at Wantage in 899 at the age of fifty-three. Died At Age: 50 Alfred the Great was an illustrious King of the Anglo-Saxons from 886 to 899 and the ‘King of Wessex’ from 871 to c 886. [19] In 853, King Burgred of Mercia requested West Saxon help to suppress a Welsh rebellion, and Æthelwulf led a West Saxon contingent in a successful joint campaign. [96], In the late 880s or early 890s, Alfred issued a long domboc or law code consisting of his own laws, followed by a code issued by his late seventh-century predecessor King Ine of Wessex. He was born in 849 CE, but the youngest of five children. When William the Conqueror rose to the English throne after the Norman conquest in 1066, many Anglo-Saxon abbeys were demolished and replaced with Norman cathedrals. [27] Æthelwulf died in 858 and was succeeded by his oldest surviving son, Æthelbald, as king of Wessex and by his next oldest son, Æthelberht, as king of Kent. Some historians speculate Alfred suffered from Crohn's disease, says History Hit — an "inflammatory bowel disease," says The Mayo Clinic, that's "painful and debilitating" and can lead to malnutrition and even death — perhaps even Alfred's, which would not be so great. Alfred's actions also suggest a system of scouts and messengers. He had spent many years fighting the ‘Viking invasions,’ after ascending the throne. The deceased's sons would receive only whatever property and riches their father had settled upon them and whatever additional lands their uncle had acquired. [164][165] In 1866, amateur antiquarian John Mellor claimed to have recovered a number of bones from the site which he said were those of Alfred. It is thought that he had either Crohn's disease or haemorrhoids. [35] The Danes arrived in his homeland at the end of 870 and nine engagements were fought in the following year, with mixed results; the places and dates of two of these battles have not been recorded. This meant not only that the king had retained the loyalty of ealdormen, royal reeves and king's thegns, who were charged with levying and leading these forces, but that they had maintained their positions of authority in these localities well enough to answer his summons to war. She died by 856 when Æthelwulf married Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, king of West Francia. Alfred determined their tactic was to launch small attacks from a secure base to which they could retreat should their raiders meet strong resistance. [150], Although he was the youngest of his brothers, he was probably the most open-minded. He was laid to rest at first in the cathedral in Winchester, the Old Minster, but his elder son and successor at once commissioned work on a bigger, grander church – the New Minster immediately to the cathedral’s north. The author of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle related that Alfred's ships were larger, swifter, steadier and rode higher in the water than either Danish or Frisian ships. [150], In 868, Alfred married Ealhswith, daughter of a Mercian nobleman, Æthelred Mucel, Ealdorman of the Gaini. [24] Ecgberht and Æthelwulf may not have intended a permanent union between Wessex and Kent because they both appointed sons as sub-kings and charters in Wessex were attested (witnessed) by West Saxon magnates, and Kentish charters were witnessed by the Kentish elite; both kings kept overall control and the sub-kings were not allowed to issue their own coinage. In the same year Burgred married Æthelwulf's daughter, Æthelswith. [47] The formal Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum, preserved in Old English in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (Manuscript 383), and in a Latin compilation known as Quadripartitus, was negotiated later, perhaps in 879 or 880, when King Ceolwulf II of Mercia was deposed. The Danish attacks had been particularly damaging to the monasteries. No ancestor of Ecgberht had been a king of Wessex since Ceawlin in the late sixth century, but he was believed to be a paternal descendant of Cerdic, the founder of the West Saxon dynasty. Alfred also had translated Gregory the Great's Pastoral Theology and sent copies to every diocese in the kingdom. Alfred as the Earl of Somerset. Two of the ships were destroyed, and the others surrendered. He then pursued the Danes to their stronghold at Chippenham and starved them into submission. [102] Together these laws are arranged into 120 chapters. While the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes attacked settlements for plunder, they employed different tactics. After ascending the throne, Alfred spent several years fighting Viking invasions. Three of Alfred's brothers, Æthelbald, Æthelberht and Æthelred, reigned in turn before him. His biographer Asser gave a detailed description of Alfred's symptoms, and this has allowed modern doctors to provide a possible diagnosis. The Proverbs of Alfred, a 13th-century work, contains sayings that are not likely to have originated with Alfred but attest to his posthumous medieval reputation for wisdom. Asser underscores his concern for judicial fairness. And while that conflict was significant (and, frankly, ongoing), Alfred also became lauded for his commitment to learning. It appears that Alfred the Great has been wrongly credited as the creator of “ fortress Wessex .” Statue of Alfred the Great at Winchester unveiled during the millennial commemoration in 1899 of Alfred's death. [100], In the one recorded naval engagement in 896, Alfred's new fleet of nine ships intercepted six Viking ships at the mouth of an unidentified river in the south of England. Before his death he ordered the construction of the New Minster hoping that it would become a mausoleum for him and his family. [113], Asser represents Alfred as a Solomonic judge, painstaking in his own judicial investigations and critical of royal officials who rendered unjust or unwise judgments. [100] All were too damaged to row around Sussex, and two were driven against the Sussex coast (possibly at Selsey Bill). Other burhs were sited near fortified royal villas, allowing the king better control over his strongholds. The jewel certainly dates from Alfred's reign. 1999 marked the eleven-hundredth anniversary of the death of Alfred the Great, and to mark this event, two international conferences were held to re-evaluate and contextualise Alfred's achievements and the developments of his reign. [151], They had five or six children together, including Edward the Elder who succeeded his father as king; Æthelflæd who became lady of the Mercians; and Ælfthryth who married Baldwin II, Count of Flanders. His first burial was in Winchester‘s Old Minster although his remains were subsequently moved next door to the New Minster a few years later. [40] From his fort at Athelney, an island in the marshes near North Petherton, Alfred was able to mount a resistance campaign, rallying the local militias from Somerset, Wiltshire and Hampshire. [158][i], Alfred was temporarily buried at the Old Minster in Winchester with his wife Ealhswith and later, his son Edward the Elder. Alfred conquers London and declares himself the king of the Anglo-Saxons. << Alfred the Great and the Danes - Alfred the Great's Legacy - Alfred the Great's Successors >> Drinking and Minstrelsy among the Saxons In the last year of the century, 900, King Alfred … [78] To maintain the burhs, and to reorganise the fyrd as a standing army, Alfred expanded the tax and conscription system based on the productivity of a tenant's landholding. [65], After another lull, in the autumn of 892 or 893, the Danes attacked again. The Germanic tribes who invaded Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries relied upon the unarmoured infantry supplied by their tribal levy, or fyrd, and it was upon this system that the military power of the several kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England depended. He died in the early 850s. [130] He recruited scholars from the Continent and from Britain to aid in the revival of Christian learning in Wessex and to provide the king personal instruction. Only one made it; Alfred's ships intercepted the other two. In their raids the Anglo-Saxons traditionally preferred to attack head-on by assembling their forces in a shield wall, advancing against their target and overcoming the oncoming wall marshalled against them in defence. [132] Conscious of the decay of Latin literacy in his realm Alfred proposed that primary education be taught in English, with those wishing to advance to holy orders to continue their studies in Latin. [108], The only crime that could not be compensated with a payment of money was treachery to a lord "since Almighty God adjudged none for those who despised Him, nor did Christ, the Son of God, adjudge any for the one who betrayed Him to death; and He commanded everyone to love his lord as Himself". The roads allowed an army quickly to be assembled, sometimes from more than one burh, to confront the Viking invader. The retreating Danish force supposedly left Britain the following summer. It is also written by Asser that Alfred did not learn to read until he was 12 years old or later, which is described as "shameful negligence" of his parents and tutors. Ealhswith or Ealswitha (died 5 December 902) was the wife of King Alfred the Great.Her father was a Mercian nobleman, Æthelred Mucel, Ealdorman of the Gaini, which is thought to be an old Mercian tribal group.Her mother was Eadburh, a member of the Mercian royal family, and according to the historian Richard Abels she was a descendant of King Cenwulf of Mercia. On this occasion a great number of stone coffins were dug up, with a variety of other curious articles, such as chalices, patens, rings, buckles, the leather of shoes and boots, velvet and gold lace belonging to chasubles and other vestments; as also the crook, rims, and joints of a beautiful crosier double gilt. This arrangement may have been sanctioned by Alfred's father or by the Witan to guard against the danger of a disputed succession should Æthelred fall in battle. [51], With the signing of the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum, an event most commonly held to have taken place around 880 when Guthrum's people began settling East Anglia, Guthrum was neutralised as a threat. On a trip to Rome Alfred had stayed with Charles the Bald and it is possible that he may have studied how the Carolingian kings had dealt with Viking raiders. When the New Minster was demolished in 1098 to make way for a new, much larger Norman c… Consequently, it was writers of the 16th century who gave Alfred his epithet as "the Great", not any of Alfred's contemporaries. The statue was designed by Hamo Thornycroft, cast in bronze by Singer & Sons of Frome and erected in 1899 to mark one thousand years since Alfred's death. Death on October 26th, 899 the epithet the Great, which was bestowed him... 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