Ensuring that each individual has an equal opportunity for educational progress remains a challenge worldwide. This literature review examines the link between inclusive education and the social inclusion of people with disabilities. All these are now listed as interventions in the Act in Sections 17 and 18 under the ‘duties of educational institutions’ and ‘specific measures to promote inclusive education’. An important development under the purview of the RPWD Act, which has tremendous significance for formal schools, is the inclusion of 21 different types of disability, fourteen more than the original seven in the PWD Act. Inclusive education is the most effective way to give all children a fair chance to go to school, learn and develop the skills they need to thrive. 2009. Kanika’s story illustrates the role a school can play in the inclusion of a child with benchmark disability with high support needs. Inclusive Education is about Whole School Development. As she grew older, it became clearer that she had developmental coordination disorder, which made writing a huge challenge. A supportive environment can be the most critical factor in the education of children with disabilities. The total enrolment rate in developing regions reached 91 percent in 2015, and the worldwide number of children out of school has dropped by almost half. Sajan loves to draw, play with building blocks, creating amazing building designs and play on the climbing frame and slide. However, on admission she was placed in a special unit and was to remain there till she had gained mastery over the English and Tamil alphabets. Sadly, they end up as school dropouts, given the problems they encounter. Education can help address the mismatch between skills of the available workforce and job vacancies, which is a key problem in many markets. This will not lead to respecting the evolving capacity of the individual, because we don’t focus on the factors that restrict the development of the person in the given environment,’ says disability rights activist Meenakshi Balasubramanian, Coordinator Projects, Equals: Centre for Promotion of Social Justice. IMPORTANCE OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: THE ROLE OF SCHOOL TEACHERS ¹ R. Mercinah & ² Dr.D.Nirmala (¹ M. Phil. Enter your Email Address here to receive a link to change your password. Children with disabilities have the same need to belong as all children do. Simply put, both students with and without disabilities learn more. This discussion paper explains that much more needs to be done for children with disabilities living in situations of armed conflict, and offers evidence-based recommendations. Children with disabilities face multiple forms of discrimination which leads to their exclusion from society and school. The World Bank supports social sustainability and inclusion by fostering inclusive and resilient societies where citizens have voice and governments respond. This report draws on national studies to examine why millions of children continue to be denied the fundamental right to primary education. Both Kids Together and the National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilitie… One of the final barriers associated with inclusion education is a lack of communication among administrators, teachers, specialists, staff, parents, and students. Promoting attitudes of accepting realities and recognising differences for individual needs are vital areas of inclusive education. His teacher needs to give him activities that include play in learning, shorter-duration tasks and tangible appreciation for achievement. Scholar, ²Assistant Professor, Dept. In a truly inclusive setting, every child feels safe and has a sense of belonging. At age 6, she was admitted to Standard 1 of her neighbourhood school; she is now in Standard 3. Inclusive Education is a relatively new concept in the Indian subcontinent, which has been grappling with the enrolment of children into the school system. The subsequent enactment of two progressive legislative initiatives - the Right to Education Act and The Rights of Persons with Disability Act - reflects a policy shift from a welfare-based approach to one that emphasises human rights. It is about the teacher, the student and the community coming together to lower barriers and increase access to learning. They face persistent barriers to education stemming from discrimination, stigma and the routine failure of decision makers to incorporate disability in school services. His mother’s conversation with his teacher showed that he is unable to sit for more than five minutes in class and is a social isolate, making him vulnerable to bullying. Disability rights activists ask if social barriers are being overlooked. She trained as a special educator at Vidya Sagar, Chennai, 20 years ago and was introduced to the trans-disciplinary approach there. The World Bank’s work on Social Sustainability and Inclusion has a new strategic direction that focuses on creating opportunities for all people and addressing deep rooted systemic inequalities.. Five-year-old Odai, who has a speech disorder, attends a UNICEF-supported awareness session in Jordan on the rights of children with disabilities. First, through the macro viewpoint of disability rights advocates, who are concerned about the older welfare attitude influencing national programs such as the Sarva Shiksha Abhayan (SSA). What appears to be a major in hurdle in the path to finding the proper method for inclusion is the fact that very few major policy making groups have addressed the issue in decades. Like all children, children with disabilities have ambitions and dreams for their futures. A Legal History of Inclusion. Inclusive education values diversity and the unique contributions each student brings to the classroom. Sajan, 6, was diagnosed with a pervasive developmental disorder (a disorder associated with social, language and communication skills) when he was 3 years old. But with retention and school dropout becoming serious issues, will this progressive vision translate into good practices in schools? Like all children, they need quality education to develop their skills and realize their full potential. Fatima had been misdiagnosed with mental retardation when she was 5. Sajan can grow up in a joyful learning environment if the same teaching-learning methods are accessible to him and all the other students in the class. The research basis for inclusive education. Inclusive systems value the unique contributions students of all backgrounds bring to the classroom and allow diverse groups to grow side by side, to the benefit of all. The National Education Association (NEA) the largest and most powerful teachers' union displays its official stance on the topic which the group approved in 1994. For more detailed guidance on programming for inclusive education, please … This has increased stress levels at home. Does this mean the Quality of Education issue is closer to being addressed? Therefore, administrators and teachers can spell out the ‘Reasonable Accommodations’, that is, the adjustments or modifications in the curriculum or school environment in their Inclusive School Development Plan. Subsequently, the RPWD Act, 2016 came into force, replacing the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act (PWD Act), 1995. • The Norms and Standards of the RTE make barrier-free access to class material, classrooms and buildings mandatory. He might require a teaching assistant’s supervision to help him, for example, make friends or complete a puzzle in time. In this way, inclusive education can capture ideas from the real life and experiences in each child. Sajan and others like him will benefit from early intervention and plenty of encouragement. However, contradictions arise owing to inadequate self-reflection over attitudes and insufficient opportunity to collaborate among stakeholders: teachers (general and specialist), parents, children and administrators. inclusive education for students with disability internationally, and specifically within Australia. • Finally, reading the Acts together, we will consider the UNCRPD concept of Universal Design to make schools inclusive. They face persistent barriers to education stemming from discrimination, stigma and the routine failure of decision makers to incorporate disability in school services. Are teachers today prepared in the basic practices of curriculum adaptation, collaborative skills and Universal Design to build a new inclusive school culture? Fatima secured admission in her neighbourhood school, but could she progress from the special unit to the regular classroom? She had an impressive fund of general knowledge, but with her dysgraphia, writing was near-impossible. At the community level, stigma and discrimination must be tackled and individuals need to be educated on the benefit of inclusive education. Measuring the success of inclusive education should go beyond merely • First, let us look at the RTE Act from the perspective of Inclusive Education, disability and access to quality education. http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-reports/Conflu... http://universaldesign.ie/What-is-Universal-Design/Conference-Proceeding... https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ncert-books-to-make-class... http://www.ncert.nic.in/pdf_files/SpecialNeeds.pdf. Then and Now The inclusion of the education of children with disability in the ‘Education for All’ goals was followed by the 86th Amendment to the Indian Constitution in 2002. Benefits for students. An estimated 93 million children worldwide live with disabilities. Some of the critical aspects of the objective of attaining quality of learning are differentiated curriculum, pedagogical innovation, examination reform and, most of all, teacher preparation. According to the review, there is evidence to suggest that there is a link between inclusive education and social inclusion in the areas of education… For the first time, the Act made it mandatory to include children with disability in the mainstream educational system. In encouraging and supporting human diversity in the classroom, schools build on humanistic aspects of life, which lay the foundation for the acceptance of differences. As more children with physical, intellectual, emotional, and other impairments learn alongside typical children, teachers continue to discover how … At the national level, Governments must align laws and policies with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and regularly collect and analyse data to ensure children are reached with effective services. Born premature, Kanika was diagnosed with cerebral palsy at birth. • Next, we will look at the RPWD Act, its alignment with the UNCRPD and new definitions of disability that incorporate environmental barriers. In this article, we will review the sections relating to Inclusive Education in these legislative initiatives, as well as reflect on the implications for the quality of learning. Teacher self- reflection goes a long way to create a nurturing classroom. Guidelines for the preparation of an Education Sector Plan, IIEP-UNESCO, unpublished manuscript. This goes against the spirit of the RTE Act. The guiding principles of the Act also go beyond enrolment to provision of quality of learning. Following the enactment of the RTE, Fatima was eligible to join any school in her neighbourhood. Martin Seligman, the father of contemporary Positive Psychology, says, ‘Positive inclusive schooling is based on the values of freedom, trust and respect for human diversity.’ Tony Booth, author of Index for Inclusion, also emphasises the role of values in the democratic and participatory practice of Inclusion, which recognises teachers and learners equally. themselves with the problems which children present in the classroom rather than examining the extent to which their own practices exclude. The RTE mentions quality of learning based on child-centred and activity- based curriculum, and assessment methods must also reflect the change. http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ncert-brings-out-learning-... http://www.ncpedp.org/sites/all/themes/marinelli/documents/Rights%20of%2... http://thenationaltrust.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Persons%20with%2... Inclusive Education in India From Concept to Reality, Inclusive Education: Challenges in Building a Coherent Understanding. The three cases studies presented in the essay demonstrate that children fall through the cracks of a fragmented system, despite laws recognising disability as an element of human diversity. She can be contacted at anuradha.naidu@gmail.com. Without support, conflict-affected children lose out on the chance to reach their full potential and rebuild their communities. Alongside school enrolment supported by a ‘Zero Rejection Policy’, the Act provides for improvement in school quality through appropriate teacher training, barrier- free infrastructure and improved pedagogical and curricular adaptations. Attitudes toward children with disabilities, as well as a lack of resources to accommodate them, compound the challenges they face in accessing education. Article 21-A of the Constitution guarantees education as a fundamental right and specifies that the state shall provide free and compulsory education for all children in the 6-14 years age group, although it was not until 2009 that the RTE Act was passed by Parliament. The ‘right to education’ implies diversity in education. However, Disability Rights activists draw attention to the sobering reality that, despite enrolment, children with a disability are invisible in the classroom. Groups with a more narrow purpose are only slightly more current with their information. provincial education authorities, engaged in a large-scale programme to field-test new ideas and practices towards a system of education that can include all learners, regardless of their diverse needs. Yet, children with disabilities are often overlooked in policymaking, limiting their access to education and their ability to participate in social, economic and political life. Reading progress was comparable in both settings. The Act defines a ‘child’ to include children from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, children facing disadvantages from social, economic, gender and religious factors, and, lastly, children with disability. http://www.eenet.org.uk/resources/docs/Index%20English.pdf. This section explores the links between the RTE Act and the RPWD Act from two different points of view. ‘We slot people at a particular level based on our understanding of the person’s impairment. The passage of the RPWD Act, 2016 to replace the PWD Act was a special moment in the history of the disability rights movement. At the school level, teachers must be trained, buildings must be refurbished and students must receive accessible learning materials. From an Inclusive Education perspective, Sajan and children like him add another dimension to classroom diversity, one which teachers are ill- prepared for. To improve his participation in class, she has to eliminate the environmental, attitudinal and communicational factors that isolate and exclude and enhance those that give rise to hope and optimism. Explain to students how being inclusive can benefit the whole class. Respectful dialogue through a participatory engagement that helps to develop sensitised personnel, differentiated instructional strategies, modes of alternative communication, active involvement of parents and the community and an administration committed to the advancement of inclusive education is critical. In Sajan’s case, the expectation to sit for a longer duration needs to be modified as he is not neurologically ready. Goal 4: Quality education. This document provides guidance on what Governments can do to create inclusive education systems. The joint committee met for the first time June 5, 1995 . Disability is the single most serious barrier to … In India, the 86th Constitutional Amendment guarantees education as a fundamental right to all and this includes the child with a disability. During the same decade, the Indian Government also ratified UNCRPD-2007. Inclusive education/mainstreaming has been promoted on two bases: the rights of children to be included in mainstream education and the proposition that inclusive education is … Inclusive Education is a relatively new concept, having gained international attention in 2000, following the Education for All campaign. The RPWD Act additionally introduces the notion of ‘barriers’ in its definition of disability. http://www.ncert.nic.in/departments/nie/degsn/pdf_files/INDEX%20FINAL%20... https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2016/03/Assessing-the-impac... http://www.dsek.nic.in/Misc/learningoutcome.pdf. Sign up for a new Teachers of India account. Sustainable Development Goal 4 on Education and the Education 2030 Framework for Action emphasize inclusion and equity as laying the foundations for quality education.. To close the education gap for children with disabilities, UNICEF supports government efforts to foster and monitor inclusive education systems. Maximising flexibility in teaching and classroom practice is an area which needs further research. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Fixing the Broken Promise of Education for All, Inclusive Education: Including Children with Disabilities in Quality Learning, Towards Inclusive Education: The Impact of Disability on School Attendance in Developing Countries, Children with Disabilities in Situations of Armed Conflict. Forlin C., Ming-Gon J.L., Routledge, 2008.12 Naidu, A, ‘Collaboration and Dialogue: The Essence of An Inclusive Practice’, paper presented at the Conference on Inclusion in Education: The Implementa-tion of Article 24 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, University of Hong Kong, 200913 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 http://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/rightofchildrentofree/index...14 Singhal, N, Education of children with disabilities in India and Pakistan: An analysis of developments since 2000 (2015) http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002324/232424e.pdf15 Sharma, S, ‘NCERT brings out learning indicators for classes 1 to VIII’, The Indian Express, July 28, 2015 http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ncert-brings-out-learning-...16 Snyder C.R., Lopez S.J., Pedrotti J.T. For the first time, children with autism, specific learning disability and speech and language disability qualify for Inclusive Education. inclusive education on the ground. Inclusive education differs from the 'integration' or 'mainstreaming' model of education, which tended to be concerned principally with disability and special educational needs, and learners changing or becoming 'ready for' or deserving of accommodation by the mainstream. Inclusive education is educating all students in age-appropriate general education classes in their neighborhood schools, with high-quality instruction, interventions, and supports to succeed in the core curriculum. • Under Section 19, a child is entitled to ‘full-time education of equitable quality in a formal school satisfying essential Norms and Standards.’. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. Disability certificates, which are issued by medical professionals, are irrelevant for admission in schools: the emphasis should be on educational assessments. The teacher gives him daily homework to improve his writing and numeracy skills to enable him to meet the achievements standards of his class. A KPMG evaluation report in 2016, on the achieve- ments of the RTE six years following the enactment, highlights the challenges in the debate over quality of learning. Every goal in the 2030 Agenda requires education to empower people with the knowledge, skills and values to live in dignity, build their lives and contribute to their societies. These are: • respect for difference and acceptance of PWD as part of human diversity and humanity, • disability as an evolving and dynamic concept. 47.1% of students with disabilities in general education made progress in math, compared to 34% in self-contained classes. Under Section 12(1) (c) of the RTE Act, 25 percent of seats in private schools are reserved for children from disadvantaged sections of society. Mike Oliver, in a recent interview for the forthcoming book, Doing inclusive education research (Allan and Slee, Rotterdam: Sense), lamented the fact that the social model had remained a source of Educators continue to debate and determine the best ways to teach students with disabilities. Fatima had encountered traditional social barriers right at the doorstep. An analysis and policy discussion is included of this evidence in regard to three key research questions: 1. Our work focuses on four key areas: How one boy overcame stigma and demonstrated the power of inclusive education. By contrast, inclusion is about the child's right to participate and the school's duty to accept the child. Think Inclusive reported on a 2001 study that examined “academic progress for students with disabilities in general education and self-contained classrooms over two years. Students and their parents participate in setting learning goals and take part in decisions that affect them. This systemic entrenchment in welfare has resulted in the preservation of segregated services even within the flagship programme for the Education For All Campaign, the SSA. Collaboration is the cornerstone of Inclusive Education. Here are some ideas to encourage inclusive schooling: • assess schools using tools like the Index for Inclusion, • create opportunities for teachers, administrative staff, the school community to interact with persons with disabilities, • frame guidelines for collaboration between teachers, special educators and teaching assistants, • develop training programs promoting collaborative teamwork, • allocate resources for assistive technology and communication, • collaborate with disability resource centres to support mainstream schools, • conduct access audits of the school environment, • train teachers through pre-service and in-service programs in differentiated instruction, cooperative learning, curricular accommodations, • encourage co-teaching in the inclusive classroom • encourage teachers to meet regularly to discuss best practices, • adapt curriculums and assessment techniques. ), Basic provisions and implementation measures. It is a process and not an end product of a series of interventions. Lead 5 Ways Leadership Can Change the Conversation Around Diversity and Inclusion Oftentimes leaders think that the risk is too great to get involved in the discussion of diversity and inclusion. It means real learning opportunities for groups who have traditionally been excluded – not only children with disabilities, but speakers of minority languages too. According to Dipti Bhatia, Deputy Director of Vidya Sagar, a disability resource centre, ‘assessments should be done at the time of admission to get the environment ready for the child rather than getting the child ready for the environment.’ She notes that the examination system must also evolve. Will lead to a larger, more talented pool of future employees of in! A student who succeeds in school children are among the most likely to modified... Strategic planning today and open access by CORE Scholar provides guidance on what governments can do create. 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