View with Adobe Reader on a variety of devices, IST Instance is Active on All Ports, Whether Trunk or Access, Two VLANs Mapped to the Same Instance Block the Same Ports, Interaction Between the MST Region and the Outside World, Alternate Configuration (Not Recommended), Interaction Between MST Regions and the Outside World, Catalyst 4000, 2948G, and 2980G (Catalyst OS (CatOS)). © 2019 INE Inc. All Rights Reserved – Terms of Service – Privacy Policy All logos, trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. SMTP Fundamentals SMTP is an application layer protocol. Note: You may want to read a newer blog post on MSTP here Understanding MSTP. With a migration to an MST network, the administrator is likely to have to deal with interoperability issues between MST and legacy protocols. Glossary of BACnet terms. All rights reserved. Consider the following physical topology already mentioned above: The topology has VLANs 1, 10,20,30,40,50,60. Using just this compact information it’s easy to detect misconfiguration on two neighboring switches. As soon as hop count becomes zero, the information in BPDU is ignored, and the switch may start declaring itself as new IST root. As soon as a single MST instance is designated on a port, a BPDU that contains the information for all instances (IST+ MSTIs) is to be sent. switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q Multiple Spanning Tree (MST) is an IEEE standard inspired from the Cisco proprietary Multiple Instances Spanning Tree Protocol (MISTP) implementation. Other methods can be envisioned, as the IEEE specification does not explicitly mention how to accomplish that step. The simulation fails and produces an error message if the MST bridge is the root for the CST, while the PVST+ bridge is the root for one or more other VLANs. Currently, this step is only possible by the means of the command line interface (CLI) or through Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). BACnet was designed specifically to meet the communication needs of building automation and control systems. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The IST root is the root for all PVST+ instances that exist on Switch C. As a result, Switch C blocks one of its Uplinks in order to prevent loops. Switched networks must fulfill stringent robustness, resiliency, and high-availability requirements. Cisco developed a mechanism to address the problem shown in this diagram. Why a Standard Protocol? This diagram shows a common design that features access Switch A with 1000 VLANs redundantly connected to two distribution Switches, D1 and D2. VLANs 10 and 20 are both mapped to instance 1, which means there is only one logical topology for both VLANs. While the PVST+ emulation mechanism provides easy and seamless interoperability between MST and PVST+, this mechanism implies that any configuration other than the two previously mentioned is invalid. interface FastEthernet0/13 instance 1 vlan 10, 20, 30 MST seamlessly interoperates with standard 802.1q CST networks; however, only a handful of networks are based on the 802.1q standard because of its single spanning tree restriction. Bridge address 0019.5684.3700 priority 8193 (8192 sysid 1) Layer 2 Switching Loops in Network Explained. Instance Vlans mapped Cisco also answered large Layer 2 (L2)-based networks' scalability issues with the development of the MISTP. For more information refer to the Region Boundary section of this document. The switch forwarding logic for VLAN traffic was changed a little bit. 0 Root FWD 200000 128.18 1-9,11-19,21-29,31-39,41-49,51-59 Aside from that, note the term “Regional Root” which is to be explained in details in Part 2. As previously mentioned, the main enhancement introduced by MST is that several VLANs can be mapped to a single spanning tree instance. Note: In this diagram, notice that the first information field carried by an MST BPDU contains data about the IST. In this particular case, interaction between PVST+ and the MST region is optimal because: Switch C's Uplink ports' costs can be tuned to achieve load balancing of the different VLANs across the Uplinks' ports (because Switch C runs one spanning tree per VLAN, this switch is able to chose which Uplink port blocks on a per-VLAN basis). Root address 0012.d939.3700 priority 8192 (8192 sysid 0) Load-sharing cannot be achieved, as shown here: Because of the manual pruning, VLAN 20 is only allowed on the blocked port, which explains the loss of connectivity. Every BDPU has full information about IST, and also MRecord for every MSTI . 8.If you’re having troubles you can try at different baud rates. Figure 2: The MSTP contains IST (VLAN1,10) and a MSTI (VLAN20). This issue is explained by the fact that MST information is conveyed with only one BPDU (IST BPDU), regardless of the number of internal instances. In generic terms, a port is at the boundary of a region if the designated bridge on its segment is in a different region or if it receives legacy 802.1d BPDUs. Before we begin with MSTP (Multiple Spanning Trees Protocol), I would like to note that this tutorial is going to be is divided in two parts. If you establish the root bridge outside the region, there are these drawbacks as compared to the previously recommended configuration: An MST region only runs one spanning tree instance that interacts with the outside world. This diagram shows a problem that is a variant of the one discussed in the IST Instance is Active on All Ports, Whether Trunk or Access section: Suppose that VLANs 10 and 20 are both mapped to the same instance (instance 1). With growing technologies such as Voice over IP (VoIP) and Video over IP, fast convergence around link or component failures is no longer a desirable characteristic: fast convergence is a must. The port is placed in the root inconsistent mode. The single spanning-tree instance used by IEEE and per-VLAN STP implemented by Cisco represents two poles in the space of possible solutions. spanning-tree mst configuration Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) One big disadvantage of STP is the low convergence which is very important in switched network. Boundary : internal bpdu guard : disable (default) Root address 001e.bdaa.ba80 priority 8194 (8192 sysid 2) BPDU Guard. In a typically bridged network, you expect to see a blocked port between Switches M and B. Can we have… multiple STPs? internal cost 200000 rem hops 19 Seeing the limitations of PVST approach, Cisco came with idea of decoupling the STP instance from a VLAN (they were bound together in PVST). Now if the 802.1s standard implementation does not send separate BDPUs for each MSTI, how does it accomplish separate topologies? Cisco recommends that you place as many switches as possible into a single region; it is not advantageous to segment a network into separate regions. Please advise if the MSTP configuration for priority is right as per Figure 2. Among others fields there are configuration name, revision number and a hash value computed over VLAN to STP instance mapping table contents. Note that STP timers such as Hello, ForwardTime, MaxAge could only be tuned for IST, the instance 0. 61-4094 To avoid such situations, use separate STP for each logical topology (e.g. ! name REGION1 In this setup, users connect to Switch A, and the network administrator typically seeks to achieve load balancing on the access switch Uplinks based on even or odd VLANs, or any other scheme deemed appropriate. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) was developed to prevent the broadcast storms caused by switching loops. switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q Before we continue discussing IEEE’s implementation, let’s define MSTP region as a collection of switches, sharing the same view of physical topology partitioning into set of logical topologies. This considerably wastes CPU cycles for all of the switches in the network (in addition to the bandwidth used for each instance to send its own Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs)). With MSTP, both multiple STP instances can be used and one more VLANs can be added to these instances. However, due to the IST, the entire region appears as one virtual bridge that runs a single spanning tree (CST). This table shows the support for MST in various Catalyst switches: The Cisco MISTP sent a BPDU for each instance, including a list of VLANs that the BPDU was responsible for, in order to solve this problem. An MST region is not able to do that. This tutorial is the second and last part of the article "Layer 2 switching loop: - causes and solutions". These are two functionally equivalent diagrams. Choose a configuration name and a revision number that will be common to all switches in the network. The UDP side of the stack operates in parallel to TCP, and is automatically included in most implementations of an Ethernet based protocol stack. If the PVST+ bridge is the root, this bridge must be the root for all VLANs (including the CST, which always runs on VLAN 1, regardless of the native VLAN, when the CST runs PVST+). Q: configuring MSTP with only a default IST has the same result as configuring the 3 switches with RSTP? Bridge C is the root of the red VLAN. port Fa0/16 path cost 0 Note a few things here. From an end-user's perspective, the main drawbacks associated with a migration to MST are: The protocol is more complex than the usual spanning tree and requires additional training of the staff. When Switch A and Switch B exchange STP information for VLAN 20, the switches send an IST BPDU with an MRecord for instance 1 because that is where VLAN 20 is mapped. An MST region only interacts with one spanning tree (the CST) outside of the region. SW1 will be the root for instance 1 and SW2 will be the root for instance 2. This document assumes that the reader is familiar with Rapid STP (RSTP) (802.1w), as MST heavily relies on this other IEEE standard. Internal instances (MSTIs) always automatically follow the IST topology at boundary ports, as shown in this diagram: In this diagram, assume VLANs 10 through 50 are mapped to the green instance, which is an internal instance (MSTI) only. It is up to the network administrator to properly propagate the configuration throughout the region. Have questions? STP was originally defined in IEEE 802.1D. For two switches to become members of the same region, the following attributes must match: IEEE 802.1s implementation does not send a BDPU for each active STP instance, nor does it encapsulate VLAN list in each configuration message. Our staff is looking forward to assisting you! To avoid this situation, do not use “VLAN pruning” static method of distributing VLANs across trunks when you have MSTP enabled. Switch3 is the root for MSTI. Carefully decide how many instances are needed in the switched network, and keep in mind that an instance translates to a logical topology. Edge ports are defined through the PortFast feature. Another possibility is to have the IST region be the root for absolutely no PVST+ instance. SW1#show spanning-tree mst, ##### MST0 vlans mapped: 1-9,11-19,21-29,31-39,41-49,51-59,61-4094 The exact VLANs-to-instance mapping is not propagated in the BPDU, because the switches only need to know whether they are in the same region as a neighbor. STP is the short form for Spanning Tree Protocol & RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol), MSTP (Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol) are all advanced/ improved implementations of STP. spanning-tree mst 0 priority 8192 See the wiki page: https://github.com/mstpd/mstpd/wiki/ImplementationFeatures Also MSTPD includes a number of useful features which are not defined in802.1Q-2005 standard, but are found on many commercial switches. You may contact Petr Lapukhov at petr@ine.com. Each switch only sends one BPDU, but each includes one MRecord per MSTI present on the ports. Regional Root address 0012.d939.3700 priority 8192 (8192 sysid 0) These switches are able to detect that multiple BPDUs are received on different VLANs of a trunk port for the instance. This means that the IST instance is active on all ports inside an MST region, whether these ports carry VLANs mapped to the IST instance or not. instance 1 vlan 10, 20, 30 In the topology described in the first diagram, there are only two different final logical topologies, so only two spanning tree instances are really necessary. Through these forms of promotion, MSTP technology has a wide range of bandwidth and bandwidth adaptation capabilities, while supporting more functions, including ATM services, and effective … This is accomplished by running multiple spanning trees in a topology and mapping VLANs to different trees for traffic forwarding. The MST bridge either expects to receive one or to send one, depending on whether the bridge is the root of the CST or not. BACnet MSTP is a token passing protocol. A basic review of the why, what, and how of BACnet. A single shared tree, sometimes called Mono Spanning Tree by Cisco, or more often – Common Spanning Tree is shared by all VLANs. Our staff is looking forward to assisting you! The cost values are much higher than the default STP costs, and MSTIx is called MSTx (e.g. The MRecord does not need any timer-related parameters such as hello time, forward delay, and max age that are typically found in a regular IEEE 802.1d or 802.1q CST BPDU. To accomplish this, we need to create two MSTIs - let's give them numbers 1 and 2. As the MST region now replicates the IST BPDUs on every VLAN at the boundary, each PVST+ instance hears a BPDU from the IST root (this implies the root is located inside the MST region). multiple root bridges? The Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) and algorithm, gives both straightforward and full network doled out to any given Virtual LAN (VLAN) all through a Bridged Local Area Network. In order to easily achieved this, elect Bridge D1 to be the root for VLANs 501 through 1000, and Bridge D2 to be the root for VLANs 1 through 500. Bridge address 0019.5684.3700 priority 32770 (32768 sysid 2) However, if you keep this virtual bridge property of the MST region in mind, the interaction with the outside world is much easier to understand. An alternative is to carry those VLANs mapped to the IST on all links (allow VLAN 10 on both ports, as in this diagram). As time passed, STP evolved into RSTP and Cisco answered with Rapid-PVST+: the fast STP, but with the same per-VLAN instance concept. Never remove an individual VLAN from a trunk and not remove all the VLANs that are mapped to the same instance. With the implementation of these new protocols, convergence times in the low hundreds of milliseconds can be expected while scaling to thousands of VLANs. In order for a frame to be forwarded out of a port, two conditions must be met: first, VLAN must be active on this port (e.g. For that purpose, the characteristics of the region are included in the BPDUs. Let’s review the effect of our configuration. The CPU is spared; only one instance needs to be computed. The BPDU, which every switch sends, contains information about the switch and its Bridge ID that uniquely identifies the switch on the network. The exact mechanism that makes the region appear as one virtual CST bridge is beyond the scope of this document, but is amply described in the IEEE 802.1s specification. Migrate the core first. ! VLAN 1 will remain mapped to IST, VLANs 10,20,30 to MSTI1, and VLANs 40,50,60 to MSTI2. The only way to get a few seconds off the protocol was to tune the protocol timers, but often at the detriment of the network's health. Fa0/13 Root FWD 200000 128.15 P2p The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol that builds a loop-free logical topology for Ethernet networks.The basic function of STP is to prevent bridge loops and the broadcast radiation that results from them. If by error, two switches were misconfigured and had a different range of VLANs associated to the same instance, it was difficult for the protocol to recover properly from this situation. Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol or Multiple Instance Spanning Tree Protocol • Multiple instances of VLAN mapped to 1 STP (tradeoff between IEEE 802.1Q CST and PVST) • Originally defined in 802.1s, then incorporated into IEEE 802.1Q-2005 MSTP or MISTP The exact same mechanism also leads Bridge A to block its boundary port. However, with the number of VLANs growing, PVST becomes a waste of switch resources and management burden, for the number of logical topologies is usually much smaller than the number of active VLANs. He has also received his Cisco Certified Design Expert (CCDE) certification, joining a small group of distinguished individuals who have achieved this status. BACnet protocol supports communication and control of applications such as heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, lighting, access, and fire detection systems and their associated equipment. In the beginning, there was IEEE STP protocol (originally, there also was DEC variant [the original] invented by Radia Perlman and IBM STP protocols, but those are fossils now), which was adapted for use with multiple VLANs and 802.1q trunks. For 802.1q, a bridged network only implements a single spanning tree (CST). If you decide to remove some VLANs off a trunk, remove all the VLANs mapped to a given instance together. Consider the following example: In this topology, VLANs are manually pruned on trunks. BACnet is an building automation and control networking protocol. Ensure all switch-to-switch links, on which a rapid transition is desired, are full-duplex. These instances run the RSTP automatically by default, without any extra configuration work. As for IST (MSTI0), let’s make SW3 the root switch for it (though it’s not recommended to assign root roles to access switches). Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol Since RouterOS v6.41 it is possible to enable Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) on a bridge interface to ensure loop-free topology across multiple VLANs, MSTP can also provide Layer2 redundancy and can be used as a load balancing technique for VLANs since it has the ability to have different paths across different VLANs. This configuration still allows for fast convergence inside the region. Now that the basic idea is understood, let’s think how it could be implemented. Here the MS stands for Master - Slave and the TP stands for Token Passing.This flavor of BACnet is mainly used for connecting field devices to controllers / routers / control applications. Link type: point-to-point (auto) bpdu filter: disable (default) The initial implementation was called MISTP (Multiple Instances Spanning Tree) and later evolved into new IEEE 802.1s standard called MSTP (Multiple Spanning Trees Protocol). Switches running STP will build a map or topology of the entire switching network. Most of the internet systems use SMTP as a method to transfer mail from one user to another. VLAN 10 and VLAN 20 are mapped to different instances. Petr works with all of the technologies covered within his four CCIE tracks on a daily basis, staying current with any changes in the industry. * The Port ID: The transmitting switch port ID, will be discussed later.. 2. VLAN 10 is mapped to instance 0, while VLAN 20 is mapped to instance 1. 1 Desg FWD 200000 128.18 10,20,30 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. Different paths … Contact an INE Training Specialist today! Each BDPU contains instance number and a list of VLANs, mapped on sending switch to this particular instance – this allows for consistency check. In this diagram, the port on B1 is at the boundary of region A, whereas the ports on B2 and B3 are internal to region B: According to the IEEE 802.1s specification, an MST bridge must be able to handle at least these two instances: One or more Multiple Spanning Tree Instance(s) (MSTIs). UDP/IP - Virtually everyone has heard the term TCP/IP. This document assumes that the reader is familiar with Rapid STP (RSTP) (802.1w), as MST heavily relies on this other IEEE standard. Please call 1-877-224-8987 (Outside US: 1-775-826-4344) or fill out the form below to have a training advisor contact you. The boundary MST bridge does not expect to receive that many BPDUs. IEEE standardized STP protocols as IEE 802.1D. Think of a region as the equivalent of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Autonomous Systems, which is a group of switches placed under a common administration. Cisco remains the leader in the industry and offers these two protocols along with proprietary augmentations in order to facilitate the migration of and interoperability with legacy bridges. Individual instances do not send individual BPDUs. Decide what VLANs to map onto those instances, and carefully select a root and a back-up root for each instance. This standard defines a Common Spanning Tree (CST) that only assumes one spanning tree instance for the entire bridged network, regardless of the number of VLANs. The Cisco implementation supports 16 instances: one IST (instance 0) and 15 MSTIs. Fa0/13 Desg FWD 200000 128.15 P2p To overcome this, Cisco suggested its proprietary PVST/PVST+ solution, running a separate STP instance for each VLAN. switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q A BACnet device is often comprised of a microprocessor-based controller and software combination that is designed to understand and use the BACnet protocol. It is a Layer 2 protocol that runs on bridges and switches, which should be enabled on the switch interfaces. All other instances (MSTIs) inherit the timers from IST – this is the natural result of all MSTI information being piggybacked in IST BPDUs. MSTs (IEEE 802.1s) combine the best aspects from both the PVST+ and the 802.1q. This feature behaves exactly as the PVST in this example. 1 Desg FWD 200000 128.15 10,20,30 0 1-9,11-19,21-29,31-39,41-49,51-59,61-4094 MSTI1 and MSTI2 in this case for VLAN2/VLAN3) and avoid mapping VLANs to IST. The communication protocol consists of a set of rules that monitors data that is exchanged between devices, enabling communication among devices in a network. switchport mode trunk The first part describes how MSTP works inside a single region (the definition of the term will follow later). ! The second part is dedicated to MSTP region interaction with other regions and different STP protocols (IEEE STP, RSTP and Cisco PVST+). Boundary : internal bpdu guard : disable (default) The first part describes how MSTP works inside a single region (the definition of the term will follow later). Effectively, this represents the case of classic IEEE RSTP with all VLANs sharing the same spanning-tree. Instead of that, a special STP instance number 0 called Internal Spanning Tree (IST or MSTI0) is designated to carry all “signaling” information. The BPDUs for IST contain all standard RSTP information for IST itself, as well as carry additional informational fields. If you map half of the 1000 VLANs to a different spanning tree instance, as shown in this diagram, these statements are true: The desired load balancing scheme can still be achieved, because half of the VLANs follow one separate instance. 2 Altn BLK 200000 128.18 40,50,60. As for this part, you can see that configuration MSTP inside a region is pretty simple. Topology has VLANs 1, which should be as following: “ if a VLAN is Active on all,... Switch D to block its boundary port on which the BPDU guard to block this.! Administrator notices that users in VLAN 20 is mapped to instance 1 for fast convergence in case of IEEE. Must map VLAN 10 and 20 to two different instances instance 0 call 1-877-224-8987 ( outside:. Any reason two switches differ on one or more configuration attribute, the port ID: transmitting... Switching loops how many instances are computed change in the final release 802.1s... Mst must be able to do that 20 is mapped to a instance. With the latest news, product releases and promotions from INE by subscribing to Newsletter. Therefore also represent the entire switching network and VLANs 40,50,60 to MSTI2 mapped instance! Change the STP instance mapping table is sent, along with the revision number and a back-up for. Rstp automatically by default, without any extra configuration work - let 's give them numbers 1 and SW2 be... Mstp, both ends of a common design that features access switch a with 1000 VLANs redundantly connected to distribution... Made this mechanics more elegant of tunneling the extra BPDUs sent by the instance, remember that originates. M and B inside an MST region Cisco implementation enhances the 802.1q onto instances. Each MSTI, how does it accomplish separate topologies administrator must map VLAN 10 and 20 to two final. Inside a single region ( the CST prevent the broadcast storms caused by switching loops the... Part of different regions the basic idea is understood, let ’ s own, Hello. Bpdu exchange between switches a and B inside an MST region are tunneled by 802.1q... Lesson, we need to create two MSTIs - let 's give them numbers 1 and 2 MSTP IST... Are included in the switched network meet the communication needs of building automation control... Carefully decide how many instances are mapped to it to two distribution,. Is understood, let ’ s think how it could be mapped to IST – this is the solution. One Spanning Tree topology, VLANs 10,20,30 to msti1, and the name needs of automation. Vlan 10 is mapped to IST, MSTIs do not use MaxAge timer to out! Interface FastEthernet0/16 switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport mode trunk bridge to the configuration throughout the region the PVST+.! Avoid this situation, do not send separate BDPUs for mstp protocol tutorial VLAN evolve, as well as additional. As MSTIs depend on the switch forwarding logic for VLAN traffic was changed little! The basic idea is understood, let ’ s easy to detect that multiple BPDUs are is often comprised a. Vlans 1, 10,20,30,40,50,60 interface FastEthernet0/16 switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport mode trunk topology the... A logical topology both VLANs that MST originates from the Cisco proprietary multiple Spanning! Behaves exactly as the PVST in this example, VLAN2 traffic is blocked between SW1 and SW2 be... Give them numbers 1 and SW2 VLAN pruning ” static method of distributing VLANs trunks. Located in different VLANs of a link can send and receive BPDUs simultaneously STP! Contact you on which a rapid transition is desired, are full-duplex to read a blog... Different regions understand the basic idea is understood, let ’ s students through our various products and.! By Joel Bender and Mike Newman extra BPDUs sent by the PVST+ bridges across the MST region and remove... Already mentioned above: the transmitting switch port ID, will be common to all in! Little bit compact information it ’ s think how it could be implemented to be achieved a VLAN Active... Accomplish separate topologies and a hash value computed over VLAN to STP instance number the. Port, the entire MST region as a method to transfer mail from one user to another the is! It possible to understand the role of the region are included in the STP type to MST, Spanning (... A logical topology for both VLANs networks ' scalability issues with the respective VLAN to STP for! And 802.1s ( MST ) is an IEEE standard inspired from the root for instance 0 ) avoid! Mentioned, the network administrator must map VLAN 10 is mapped to it Cisco proprietary multiple Spanning! Received is at the boundary ports, Whether trunk or access section some... Shown in this diagram shows a common design that features access switch a fails, a of. Envisioned, as the IEEE 802.1s ) combine the best aspects from both the PVST+ and the VLANs mapped instance... Therefore also represent the IST instance, remember that MST originates from Cisco... Use SMTP as a side note, MSTP does not mean that there is no relaying... Enhancement introduced by MST is the best solution this situation, do not “. `` standard '' networking that step you decide to remove some VLANs off a trunk remove. The BACnet Protocol case of classic IEEE RSTP with all VLANs could be implemented called MSTIs – Spanning... Bridge does not mean that there is only one instance needs to be computed that VLAN3 can use unique.! Networks ' scalability issues with the development of the VLANs mapped to IST costs, and air-conditioning control access! Everywhere in the network if you decide to remove some VLANs off a trunk and not remove all the that! What Cisco did originally, but each includes one MRecord per MSTI present the! That purpose, the network article, we will try mstp protocol tutorial understand and use the Protocol..., regardless of the term TCP/IP user to another are included in migration! And 802.1s ( MST ) effect of our configuration detect that multiple BPDUs.... Will remain mapped to instance 1 bridge C is the only port that VLAN3 can use all! Bpdus for IST, the switches are part of different regions MSTI how! Port is placed in the network administrator notices that users in VLAN have... Along with the revision number that will be common to mstp protocol tutorial switches in the switched network you. Stp ) Spanning Tree topology, VLANs are manually pruned on trunks clearly understand the role of the MST. That features access switch a with 1000 VLANs redundantly connected to two distribution switches, D1 and.! 3 switches with Huawei eNSP compatibility mechanism between MST and PVST+ switched networks must fulfill robustness. Legacy protocols could have consisted of tunneling the extra BPDUs sent by the PVST+ bridges the... Links, on which a rapid transition is desired, are full-duplex only interacts with RSTP blocking decisions, traffic...
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